Electric Scooter Laws U.S 2024: State Rules And Regulations

Electric scooters have undeniably become a fixture in the streets of major cities worldwide. It's almost a rarity not to spot one weaving through traffic. Their widespread acceptance speaks to their appeal, especially in dense urban areas where commutes are often less than five miles. They offer a compelling escape from the perennial traffic jams, unlocking new levels of efficiency (time and cost saving), enjoyment, and importantly, contributing to a greener planet through their low-carbon footprint.

However, the rapid adoption of electric scooters has necessitated proper regulation to safeguard both riders and other road users. Lawmakers have been grappling with this challenge since shared scooters, popularized by companies like Bird, hit the scene in 2017. Shared fleets, in particular, sparked a mix of enthusiasm for their benefits and concerns about sidewalk congestion, traffic disruptions, accidents, and the unsightliness of poorly maintained or vandalized scooters. And let's not forget those riders who thought the roads were their personal racetrack.

In response to these concerns, authorities have been diligently assessing the social implications of electric scooters and crafting legislation aimed at fostering responsible use while instilling a sense of order on city streets. The encouraging news is that, as the dust from this legal turbulence settles, regulations are becoming clearer, roads safer, and the overall impact of electric scooters more universally positive and understood.

However, it's important to note that these regulations significantly vary across states and cities, each adopting its own interpretation of what constitutes responsible riding. From the speed you can zoom at to the age you must be to take the handlebars, the legal landscape is as diverse as the country itself. Additionally, getting your hands on some of this legislation can be a real challenge. And even when you do find it, the legal mumbo jumbo can make it complex and downright confusing to interpret.

To address this, we've delved deep into the legal documents, city ordinances, and state statutes to bring you a comprehensive guide to electric scooter laws across the United States.

This guide simplifies the complexity by offering a clear overview of where and how you can ride. It differentiates between the regulatory layers of city and state, separates actual electric scooter laws from those applied to other form factors like mopeds and e-bikes, and distinguishes between shared and privately owned scooters. It covers everything from speed limits and age restrictions to helmet regulations.

Are electric scooters legal in the U.S?

Yes, electric scooters are legal in most states, with only Pennsylvania and Delaware having a straightforward ban on scooters.

In some states like Idaho and New Hampshire, the legal framework is less clear. These states lack specific legislation addressing electric scooters directly, leading to a potential mishmash of classifications. In these cases, e-scooters might be lumped together with other devices like e-bikes, motorized skateboards, or even classified as "toy vehicles" that are prohibited on public roads. Sometimes, they may be considered "mopeds," which require registration with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). As a result, the use of electric scooters in these states is very vague, and there are different interpretations of what is required.

However, it's essential to understand that even if a state does not have specific legislation governing electric scooters, it does not automatically mean that scooters are permitted or prohibited. The absence of clear state-level regulations often grants local authorities the power to establish rules and guidelines for electric scooter use within their jurisdiction.

In instances where there is no conflict between state and local laws, and the city has good reasons for its regulations, the local rules typically override the state laws.

Electric scooter laws by category

Here are some of the general regulations on electric scooters you will encounter across the states:

Registration and insurance

Fortunately, most states do not require electric scooters to be registered as motor vehicles. This is because most electric scooters lack the VIN (Vehicle Identification Number), paperwork, and equipment requirements necessary for registering a motor vehicle. Similarly, most states do not require riders to have separate insurance for their scooters.

In states where electric scooters are not explicitly defined within their statutes, such as North Carolina, there can be a tendency to categorize them alongside mopeds, which is the nearest comparable vehicle type. Mopeds, under most statutes, require registration, which could indirectly restrict the use of electric scooters. But if you take a closer look at city-level laws, you'll often find that they have their own separate definition for e-scooters, which sets them apart from mopeds. So, it's always a smart idea to double-check with local authorities and not make quick assumptions about the classification of electric scooters.

As of now, Hawaii is the only state that has a system in place for registering electric scooters. But it's really just a one-time payment that goes towards the bikeway fund, which is aimed at improving the bicycle infrastructure that scooters use. It's not the same kind of detailed registration process that cars and motorcycles have to go through.

Minimum riding age

Most states enforce a minimum riding age for electric scooters, recognizing that a certain level of maturity and decision-making ability is required when operating a scooter in public spaces.

The most common minimum age for electric scooter riding nationwide is 16 years old.

For those looking to rent scooters, the age requirement is slightly higher, at 18 years old. This adjustment takes into account the additional responsibilities, contractual aspects, and liabilities associated with using a shared scooter service.

Helmet requirement

Most states require riders under the age of 18 to wear a certified bicycle helmet when operating an electric scooter.

However, regardless of your age, wearing a helmet is a non-negotiable safety precaution when using electric scooters. Studies have shown that most fatal injuries associated with electric scooter accidents occur due to trauma and impacts to the head. By wearing a properly fitting, certified helmet, riders can significantly reduce the risk of severe head injuries and potentially life-threatening consequences.

Do you need a license to ride electric scooters?

Most states do not require riders to have a license to operate electric scooters. However, there are a handful of states that do require you to have a valid driver's license (of any class) or at least an instruction permit before you can legally operate an electric scooter. As of now, there's no such thing as a dedicated "e-scooter license or class" that you can obtain.

States that are known to require a driver's license for electric scooter use include California, Arkansas, Massachusetts, and Missouri.

Where to ride

You should only ride your electric scooter where the law permits. Here's a breakdown of common locations:

Bicycle paths: Your safest bet

Nine times out of ten, you're good to go on bicycle paths and trails with your e-scooter unless they are not open to motorized options. These are usually the safest spots for scooter riders.

Generally, most laws allow e-scooters to ride anywhere bicycles are permitted. Just remember to keep a reasonable speed and be considerate of other people using the path.

Are electric scooters allowed on roadways and street?

Most states that allow scooters also permit them on roads and streets, especially if there isn't a bicycle path available. However, they're generally not allowed on interstate highways, highways with four or more lanes in some states, and may be limited to certain streets with a given speed limit.

Riding on roadways can be more dangerous for electric scooter riders due to the presence of larger and faster vehicles. As scooters are smaller in size, they may not be as easily visible to car drivers, increasing the risk of accidents. To prioritize your safety when riding on the road, follow these essential guidelines:

General rules when riding on the road

Obey speed limits

Scooters are generally allowed on streets with lower speed limits, typically between 25 and 35 mph. Even if your scooter is capable of higher speeds, you must adhere to these limits.

Always keep to the right of roadways

Statutes that allow scooters on roadways require them to ride as close to the right curb or edge of the roadway as safely possible when operating at less than the normal traffic speed. Exceptions include when overtaking another vehicle, making left turns, avoiding road hazards, and avoiding riding in a lane that must turn right. Just make sure you do it safely and don't hang out in the middle of the lane any longer than necessary.

If you find yourself down a one-way street or highway, you've got a bit more flexibility. In these cases, you're allowed to ride close to the left-hand curb or edge of the road, as long as it's safe to do so.

Riding two abreast

Most states allow you to ride side by side on a roadway as long as you don't obstruct the normal and reasonable traffic flow. You must also ride in a single lane on highways with multiple lanes, not spanning across multiple lanes.

Riding more than two abreast is generally not allowed unless on a bicycle path.

Are electric scooters allowed on the sidewalks?

Yes, some states allow riding electric scooters on sidewalks, but only when no bicycle path is available, and operation on the roadway is not possible. Others ban riding on sidewalks except when entering or leaving adjacent properties.

All in all, riding on sidewalks should be a last resort, as injuring pedestrians is the last thing you want to happen. Such situations have led to bans on electric scooters in the past.

But if you absolutely must ride on the sidewalk, follow these rules:

General rules while riding on sidewalks

• Yield to pedestrians: Pedestrians always have the right of way.
• Give audible signals: Warn pedestrians of your presence.
• Some statutes require users to reduce their speed to around 5-10 mph, or down to normal walking speed, to allow more time to react if something happens. Others might also require riders to dismount, disengage the motor, and push the scooter on sidewalks.

Electric scooter requirements

States with comprehensive electric scooter laws often specify the limits and specifications required for a vehicle to be considered an electric scooter, along with the equipment necessary to operate safely within the state. Vehicles that fall outside these guidelines may be categorized as mopeds, motor-driven cycles, or even motorcycles; which have different regulations.

The common requirements for electric scooters include:

Wheels: Most states require electric scooters to have 2 wheels, with a maximum of 3. Some states also define the maximum wheel size, typically requiring them to be less than 12 inches in diameter.

Motor wattage: The majority of states require electric scooters to have a motor with a wattage below 1,000 watts.

Weight: Electric scooters should weigh less than 100 lbs to meet most state requirements.

Speed: A maximum speed limit is standard, usually between 15-20 mph.

Brakes: Most states require electric scooters to have a braking system capable of stopping the scooter within 25 feet from a speed of 10 mph.

Audible signal: Electric scooters are often required to have a bell for alerting pedestrians and other road users. Sirens and whistles are generally not allowed.

Lighting: If an electric scooter is to be used for nighttime riding, most states require it to have a front headlight (white light visible from at least 500 feet) and a rear red reflector or light (visible from at least 600 feet).

DUI and substance use regulations

Just like with any other motor vehicle, it's illegal in most states to operate an e-scooter while impaired by drugs or alcohol. Operating a scooter under the influence impairs your judgment balance and reduces reaction time, leading to a higher chance of accidents.

Some states, like California, have even created specific laws to address this issue. It prohibits riding an e-scooter when you have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08% or higher.

Even if your state doesn't have specific DUI laws for e-scooters, you can still be held liable for any accidents or injuries caused while riding under the influence. You could be looking at some hefty fines, penalties, and even jail time.

Parking

Improper parking has become a major concern with shared electric scooters, as many users neglect proper parking etiquette and carelessly leave them scattered throughout cities. This negligent behavior not only creates an unsightly mess but also obstructs pathways, making it difficult for pedestrians to use sidewalks safely.

To address this problem, most statutes have implemented the following guidelines to standardize scooter parking:

• Scooters should always be parked in an upright position to minimize space usage and prevent them from becoming tripping hazards.

Acceptable parking areas include:

• Designated parking areas: Ideally, scooters should be parked in areas specifically designated for this purpose. This includes bicycle parking areas, dedicated docking stations, or electric scooter parking racks and zones the sharing company allocates.
• Sidewalks (if allowed): Park the scooter in a way that doesn't block pedestrian traffic or create tripping hazards.
• On the roadway at any location where parking is allowed, either at any angle to the curb or edge of the roadway or abreast of another bicycle or scooter near the side of the roadway.

Prohibited parking areas:

• Scooters should not be parked in areas that block essential operations and emergency exits, on private property without permission, or in a manner that blocks pathways and obstructs other road users.
• Parking is also to be avoided in public rights of way next to hospitals, police stations, or fire stations.

Other common electric scooter laws you need to watch out for

Here are some additional laws that are frequently mentioned in most statutes, aimed at further enhancing the safety of electric scooter riders:

Clinging to vehicles

Attaching yourself to any moving vehicle while riding your scooter is prohibited in virtually all states. This practice is incredibly dangerous, as any sudden stop or unexpected maneuver by the vehicle could result in severe injury.

Keep both hands free

Many states restrict carrying items that prevent you from keeping both hands on the handlebars. Riding one-handed significantly compromises your control and reaction time, increasing the risk of accidents.

If you frequently need to carry items while riding your electric scooter, you may want to explore models that are designed with built-in storage options or have the capacity to accommodate aftermarket storage solutions. Our article "Best E-Scooters for Carrying Stuff" provides a list of electric scooters that are well-suited for transporting items.

Two passengers on a single scooter

Unless your scooter is specifically designed to carry a passenger (which is rare), riding with two people is generally prohibited. Extra weight and awkward positioning can severely impact the scooter's balance, handling, and braking ability, creating a hazardous situation.

Riding while wearing headphones or earbuds

Several states ban the use of headphones or earbuds while operating an electric scooter, as they can impair your ability to hear traffic, warnings, or emergency vehicles. Maintaining awareness of your surroundings at all times while riding is crucial.

Electric Scooter Laws in Alabama

In July 2019, Alabama passed a law recognizing electric scooters and other shared micromobility devices at the state level. This law defines an electric scooter as a lightweight device under 100 lbs, with handlebars, an electric motor, and a maximum speed of 20 mph. This definition serves as a baseline, allowing cities to build upon it with their own ordinances.

In Birmingham, the city has partnered with Veo and Lime for shared scooter programs. Scooters are capped at 20 mph and require brakes and lights. Adults 19+ can rent them (18-year-olds can use them with parental consent). Riding on sidewalks is prohibited.

Montgomery has a similar setup but with Bird scooters, and only those 18 and older can use them. They can be ridden on streets, bicycle paths, and not on sidewalks. Auburn and Tuscaloosa are stricter and do not allow electric scooters on their streets yet.

Interestingly, most cities in Alabama have yet to introduce specific statutes for privately-owned electric scooters, meaning they may operate in a legal gray area in the cities that allow shared programs. However, it's always advisable to check with local law enforcement to get a clear way forward.

Electric Scooter Laws in Alaska

Alaska currently lacks clear and comprehensive regulations for electric scooters at the state level.

The closest category that could potentially cover electric scooters is "motor-driven cycles," which includes motorcycles, motor scooters, motorized bicycles, or similar conveyances with a motor attached and an engine with 50 or fewer cubic centimeters of displacement.

However, while electric scooters have an electric motor, they lack traditional engines, making them a poor fit for this classification. Furthermore, the requirements for motor-driven cycles, such as registration, insurance, and specific equipment, seem impractical for most basic stand-up electric scooters.

Despite this ambiguity at the state level, several cities in Alaska have created specific rules for electric scooters, making it important to check local ordinances. For instance:

• Anchorage: Electric scooters are classified under "bicycles."
• Juneau: Scooters fall under the "Micromobility Device and Scooters" category.
• Ketchikan: Electric scooters are described under "Micromobility Devices."

Electric Scooter Laws in Arizona

Electric standup scooters, as defined by law, are legal to use in Arizona and are treated similarly to bicycles with a few exceptions.

Age and licensing requirements: There are no specific state-wide age or licensing requirements. However, check local ordinances as they may have additional regulations. Generally, many localities enforce a minimum age requirement of 18 years with exceptions, such as Tempe, where the minimum age requirement is lowered to 16.

Helmet laws: Arizona's laws do not explicitly mandate helmet usage for electric scooter riders within the provided sections.

Limits and requirements: These scooters must weigh less than 75 lbs and must not exceed a speed of 20 mph. If used at night, they must have a front lamp and a rear red reflector (or light). They must also be equipped with an effective brake.

Insurance and registration: They are exempt from registration, licensing, and insurance requirements. However, they must be labelled with specific information (classification number, top assisted speed, and motor wattage) and have a unique identifier visible from a distance.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters are permitted on bicycle and multiuse paths, as well as the rightmost side of roadways. Riding on sidewalks or public streets with speed limits exceeding 25 mph or those having four or more lanes is prohibited. Some cities, such as Scottsdale, have higher speed limits of 35 mph.

Electric Scooter Laws in Arkansas

Arkansas passed the Electric Motorized Scooter Act in July 2019, legalizing and regulating electric scooters. The Act differentiates between shared electric scooters, which are subject to stricter regulations, and personal electric scooters, for which the law outlines basic guidelines. Most of the detailed regulations are left to individual cities to define further. Here are some general laws:

Age and licensing requirements: The minimum age to ride an electric scooter in Arkansas is 16 years old. No driver's license is required.

Helmet laws: While Arkansas state law does not mandate helmet use for all riders, individuals under 18 years are required to wear helmets when operating shared electric scooters.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must weigh less than 100 lbs and have a maximum speed of 20 mph. However, they should not be operated at speeds greater than 15 mph. For night riding, a scooter must be equipped with a white lamp in the front and a red lamp or reflector at the rear, or other acceptable illumination gear.

Insurance and registration: Personal electric scooters are not subject to insurance and registration.

Permitted riding areas: Scooters may be ridden anywhere bicycles are allowed, including streets, bike lanes, and paved trails. Riders are advised to stay to the right on roadways and are allowed on some sidewalks, provided they yield to pedestrians and exercise caution at crosswalks and driveways.

Electric Scooter Laws in California

California emerged as an early adopter of electric scooters and was the birthplace of Bird, Lime, Spin and other pioneers of shared micro-mobility. This early adoption has led to well-established legislation governing the use of electric scooters, clearly outlined in Vehicle Code § 21235. Here's a brief overview of what the legislation includes:

Age and licensing requirements: You can operate a motorized scooter with any class of driver's license or an instruction permit, which implies you must be 16 years or older. Rental companies might set their age limits, often opting for 18 and above.

Helmet laws: Certified helmets are required for any rider below the age of 18.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters are limited to a speed of 15 mph and must be equipped with an efficient brake system. This speed cap applies regardless of the road's speed limit.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters do not need to be registered with the DMV or carry license plates. Additionally, the law does not mandate that riders obtain separate insurance for their electric scooter.

Permitted riding areas: Scooters are allowed in bike lanes and paths wherever available. Riding on sidewalks is generally prohibited, except when entering or leaving adjacent properties. Additionally, scooters should not be used on roads where the speed limit exceeds 25 mph unless they're within a designated bikeway. However, certain jurisdictions may permit scooters on roads with speed limits up to 35 mph if there's an adjacent bike lane.

Electric Scooter Laws in Colorado

In Colorado, state law mandates that local municipalities cannot impose more restrictive rules on electric scooters than those applied to Class 1 electric bikes. This means that electric scooters largely share regulations with Class 1 e-bikes.

Age and licensing requirements: There are no age and license restrictions for riders of Class 1 and 2 electric bikes, which extends to electric scooters.

Helmet laws: No state regulations mandate helmet use for electric scooters.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters are restricted to a maximum speed of 20 mph, must weigh less than 100 lbs, and have an electric motor not exceeding 750 W. They must also be equipped with brakes capable of stopping the scooter within 25 feet from a speed of 10 mph. For visibility, a front lamp, a red rear reflector, and sufficient reflective material on both sides are required. Sirens or whistles are not permitted on scooters.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are exempt from motor vehicle registration and insurance requirements.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can go wherever Class 1 and 2 e-bikes are allowed, including roadways, designated bike lanes, sidewalks, and multi-use trails open to conventional bicycles, unless local jurisdictions specify otherwise.

Local regulations may further dictate specific speed limits on these paths. For instance, electric scooters are not allowed on roads with speed limits over 35 mph in Colorado Springs, while in Denver, the speed limit for scooters on sidewalks is 6 mph.

Electric Scooter Laws in Connecticut

Electric scooters, defined as "electric foot scooters", share regulations with bicycles and ebikes. This means riders have the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as bicyclists on the road.

Age and licensing requirements: There are no specific age limits or licensing requirements for e-scooter riders at the state level. However, local municipalities may have their age restrictions.

Helmet laws: Mandatory for riders under 15 years old. Helmets must meet safety standards set by ANSI or the Snell Memorial Foundation. Scooter-sharing companies and rental companies are also required to offer the same quality of helmets to clients under 16 years old.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must not exceed a weight of 75 lbs and are limited to a maximum speed of 20 mph. For safety, scooters must be equipped with a reliable braking system, a front white light headlight, and a rear reflector or tail light, alongside ample reflective material on the sides. Sirens or whistles are not allowed.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are exempt from motor vehicle registration and insurance requirements.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters and shared mobility devices are allowed on roads with certain speed limits, city streets, bicycle lanes, multi-use paths, and sidewalks (yield to pedestrians).

Electric Scooter Laws in Delaware

Delaware has restrictive regulations for electric scooters, categorizing them alongside “motorized skateboards” with significant restrictions on their use in public spaces. Non-compliance with this law could result in penalties, starting with a fine of not less than $25 for the first offense.

Age and licensing requirements: Riders younger than 12 years are not allowed to operate an electric scooter unless they are supervised by an adult (18+ years old). Alternatively, they may ride unsupervised on property owned by or under the control of their parent or legal guardian.

Helmet laws: Riders and passengers under the age of 16 are required to wear a bicycle-type helmet that meets ANSI or Snell standards

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters cannot be registered or insured, further limiting their use on public roadways.

Permitted riding areas: Use of electric scooters on public highways, streets, and sidewalks is banned, limiting their use primarily to public properties and private spaces that allow them. Nonetheless, Delaware law permits electric scooters to be used on public streets or highways only if the powertrain function is disengaged. Moreover, special events approved by the jurisdiction may also permit their operation on streets or highways.

In an effort to protect consumers, Delaware law requires sellers of electric scooters to obtain a signed and witnessed statement from the purchaser acknowledging they are aware of the restrictions on using these devices on Delaware’s public highways or sidewalks.

Electric Scooter Laws in Florida

In 2019, Florida's Governor, Ron DeSantis, enacted a law legalizing electric scooters and micromobility devices across the state. The law gives electric scooter operators all of the rights and duties applicable to a cyclist.

Age and licensing requirements: Riders need to be at least 16 years old. There's no requirement for a driver's license.

Helmet laws: Mandatory for riders or passengers under 16 to wear helmets that meet federal safety standards for bicycles.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters in Florida are restricted to a maximum speed of 20 mph. Additionally, they must be equipped with a front lamp and a red rear lamp with a reflector for nighttime visibility, alongside a reliable braking system.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are exempt from the requirements of registration and insurance.

Permitted riding areas: Similar to bicycles, electric scooters can be ridden in bicycle lanes or as close to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway as possible when a bicycle lane is not available. In most areas, sidewalk riding is allowed, with a speed restriction of 15 mph to ensure pedestrian safety.

Electric Scooter Laws in Georgia

In Georgia, the state level has taken a hands-off approach towards the regulation of electric scooters. It has given individual cities the authority to regulate electric scooter usage within their boundaries.

At the state level, Georgia's legislative efforts regarding electric scooters have been relatively limited, with Senate Bill 159 representing a notable attempt to introduce some degree of uniformity. This legislation seeks to cap the maximum speed of electric scooters at 20 mph and limit their weight to no more than 100 pounds. Beyond these basic parameters, the bill leaves the bulk of regulatory responsibility to local jurisdictions.

Electric Scooter Laws in Hawaii

In 2021, Hawaii introduced House Bill 72, laying out specific regulations for electric scooter use across the state.

Age and licensing requirements: No one under 15 years old is allowed to operate an electric scooter on public property. No specific license is required.

Helmet laws: Riders under 16 must wear a bicycle helmet. Electric scooter rental companies must provide helmets to renters under 15.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must weigh less than 75 lbs and have a maximum speed of 15 mph. For night use, they need to have front and rear lights and reflectors.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters must be registered with a one-time $30 fee, paid to the director of finance. This fee goes into the bikeway fund, aimed at improving biking infrastructure, like bikeways, storm drains, and bridges.

Permitted riding areas: Scooters can be used on bicycle lanes, paths, streets, highways, roadways, or designated public areas for vehicle use.

Electric Scooter Laws in Idaho

There isn't specific statewide legislation dedicated to electric scooters; instead, they're broadly categorized under "Motorized Scooters and other Motorized Toys," defined as items not originally designed for public road use. Consequently, their presence on public sidewalks and roadways is generally prohibited except in areas where local law enforcement permits them.

This means that, by default, electric scooters are mostly relegated to private property usage and are exempt from requirements such as registration, insurance, or the possession of a driver's license for operation.

However, leveraging the autonomy granted by the state, various cities within Idaho have implemented their own regulations for electric scooter use.

For instance, Idaho Falls allows electric scooters on roadways, bicycle paths, sidewalks, and crosswalks where acceptable. Scooters in this city must have a maximum speed of 20 mph and come equipped with brakes, a bell, lights, and reflectors.

Similarly, Boise permits electric scooters on roadways, bicycle and Greenbelt paths, and sidewalks where acceptable. In Boise, scooters are restricted to a 300W motor and a 15 mph top speed and must have brakes, a bell, lights, and reflectors. Furthermore, these scooters cannot have attached seats and must display a label indicating their maximum speed and motor wattage.

Electric Scooter Laws in Illinois

There is no specific state law addressing electric scooters in Illinois, so the respective cities are responsible for establishing rules governing their use. Most of these local regulations focus on shared electric scooters, with minimal mention of privately-owned scooter.

A bill was proposed to establish electric scooter laws at the state level. However, the legislative efforts ended without further action, meaning the bill did not pass into law.

Therefore, to obtain information on the current electric scooter laws, you need to check the specific city ordinances.

Electric Scooter Laws in Indiana

In July 2019, Indiana passed legislation for electric scooters, defining them as "electric foot scooters" and granting them the same rights and responsibilities as bicycles.

Age and licensing requirements: There are no age or driver's license requirements for electric scooter operation in Indiana, similar to bicycles.

Helmet laws: While not legally required, helmet use is strongly encouraged, especially when using shared mobility devices.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters are restricted to a weight of 100 lbs and a maximum speed of 20 mph. They must be equipped with a white front light, a rear red light or reflector, and a reliable braking system. Sirens or whistles are not permitted.

Insurance and registration: No insurance or registration is required.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can be ridden anywhere bicycles are allowed, with the provision that local authorities can impose restrictions. They are permitted on roadways, city streets, and bike lanes. They are not permitted on interstate highways or sidewalks except when entering or leaving a parked position.

Electric Scooter Laws in Iowa

There are no state laws specifically governing electric scooters. The Iowa Legislature considered regulating electric scooters through House Bill 500 but ultimately did not result in the passing of any laws.

Despite this, electric scooters have found a place in many Iowa cities, each adopting its own set of comprehensive guidelines that often align electric scooter usage closely with existing bicycle laws within city ordinances.

A common requirement across these cities is for electric scooter users to be at least 18 years old. The guidelines generally allow electric scooters to be used on public streets, roadways, park roads, multi-use trails, bicycle paths, and, in some cases, sidewalks, although there may be restrictions in certain areas. Cities usually prohibit riding on roads with speed limits exceeding 25-35 mph (unless a bike lane is present).

The speed limit for electric scooters varies from 15 mph to 25 mph, depending on the city, and they must be equipped with appropriate lighting, reflectors, and brakes to ensure safety. Despite these operational guidelines, electric scooters in Iowa are not subject to the same registration, inspection, and insurance provisions that apply to motor vehicles under the Code of Iowa.

Electric Scooter Laws in Kansas

In Kansas, electric scooters, referred to as "electric-assisted scooters”, are legal for street use, with traffic regulations similar to those for bicycles.

Age and licensing requirements: The state does not impose a uniform age or helmet mandate for electric scooter riders, leaving such regulations to local jurisdiction, e.g., Topeka requires that operators be at least 16 years old and riders under 18 wear a helmet.

Limits and requirements: There are no specific restrictions on electric scooters beyond a general description that includes having at least two wheels, an electric motor, handlebars, a brake, and a deck designed for standing. Speed limits are typically set by local authorities e.g., Topeka imposes a 15 mph limit on e-scooters. That said, scooters must have a white front lamp, a rear red light or reflector, and a reliable braking system.

Insurance and registration: No requirements for insurance and registration.

Permitted riding areas: At the state level, electric scooters are generally allowed on roadways and bicycle paths. However, they are not permitted on interstate or state highways.

Local ordinances can impose additional restrictions on where electric scooters can be used. For instance, Topeka bans them on streets with 35 mph or higher speed limits unless there's a designated bike lane.

Electric Scooter Laws in Kentucky

Kentucky law classifies electric scooters as "electric low-speed scooters" and allows them to operate with similar regulations as bicycles on public streets.

Age and licensing requirements: Riders must be at least 16 years old; no driver's license is required.

Helmet laws: No statewide helmet regulations exist.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must weigh under 100 lbs, have a maximum speed capability of 20 mph, and be equipped with adequate braking systems. For riding under low visibility conditions, scooters need at least one headlamp and one rear red light.

Insurance and registration: There is no need for insurance or registration for electric scooters in Kentucky.

Permitted riding areas: Scooters are allowed on highways, bicycle lanes, paths, shared streets, and shared-use paths. However, most cities in Kentucky prohibit riding on sidewalks.

Electric Scooter Laws in Louisiana

Louisiana legalized electric scooters in 2019, allowing their operation on most public roads and paths.

Age and licensing requirements: No mention at the state level.

Helmet laws: Riders under 17 are required to wear an approved helmet while operating an electric low-speed scooter.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must weigh less than 100 lbs and not exceed a speed of 20 mph. They must also be equipped with adequate brakes and the necessary lights, reflectors, or reflective markings for visibility and safety.

Insurance and registration: Not required.

Permitted riding areas: Electric low-speed scooters are allowed on sidewalks, bicycle paths, and highways across Louisiana, except in areas where local authorities impose specific limitations or prohibitions for safety reasons.

Electric Scooter Laws in Maine

In Maine, electric scooters are classified as "motorized scooters" and regulated alongside bicycles, and roller skis.

Age and licensing requirements: Individuals must possess a valid license of any class, a learner's permit, or a license endorsed for a motorcycle or moped. This effectively sets the minimum age for riding an electric scooter in public areas at 16 years.

Helmet laws: Helmets are mandatory for riders and passengers under 16 on public roadways.

Limits and requirements: Scooters should have wheels less than 10 inches in diameter a motor capacity not exceeding 750 watts. They must not operate in excess of 20 mph and should be equipped with a white front lamp, a rear red or amber light or reflector, and efficient brakes.

Insurance and registration: Currently, registration is not required for electric scooters in Maine, although there have been proposals to introduce such measures, none of which have passed so far.

Permitted riding areas:

• Electric scooters are allowed on roadways (riding as far right as practicable), paved shoulders, and designated bicycle or multi-use paths.
• Prohibited on interstate highways or paths where bicycles are not allowed.

Electric Scooter Laws in Maryland

Maryland's state legislature formally recognized electric scooters within its legal framework in 2019, aligning their regulation with that of standard bicycles and e-bikes through bill SB770.

Age and licensing requirements: No specific age limits exist unless the electric scooter's capabilities classify it as a motor vehicle. In that case, a relevant license would be required.

Helmet laws: Riders under 16 years of age are required to wear a helmet approved by ANSI or Snell for bicycling or in-line skating.

Limits and requirements:

• Weight: Maximum of 100 lbs
• Speed: Cannot exceed 20 mph (Anything above that may be considered another class of vehicle)
• Lights: Must have a white front light and rear red light/reflector
• Must be equipped with a bell
• Siren/Whistle: Not permitted
• Must have adequate brakes

Insurance and registration: No insurance, registration, or titles are needed for electric scooters.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters are allowed on roads, bike lanes, and shoulders, except for expressways and roads with speed limits exceeding 50 mph (may be lower in specific cities) e.g., Baltimore imposes a 30 mph limit.

Riding on sidewalks is generally not permitted unless deemed necessary due to higher speed limits on adjacent roads.

Electric Scooter Laws in Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, electric scooters fall under the broad category of "motorized scooters," which encompasses electric and gas-powered scooters, including both seated and standing variants.

Age and licensing requirements: Riders must be at least 16 years old and hold a valid driver's license or learner's permit.

Helmet laws: A certified helmet is required for all electric scooter riders. Additionally, carrying passengers is prohibited.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters are restricted to a maximum speed of 20 mph. They must be equipped with operational stop and turn signals, allowing operators to keep both hands on the handlebars at all times.

Insurance and registration: Motorized scooters are not registered by the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles, as they are not classified as motor vehicles.

Permitted riding areas: Motorized scooters can be operated on most public ways but are not allowed on state highways or limited-access roadways with signs that ban bicycles.

Scooters are not allowed to be operated at nighttime, which is defined as any time after sunset or before sunrise.

Electric Scooter Laws in Michigan

Michigan legally recognizes electric scooters under Section 257.660, placing them in the same category as electric skateboards.

Age and licensing requirements: Children under 12 years old are not permitted to operate electric scooters on public highways or streets. No specific license is required for operation.

Helmet laws: Crash helmets are mandatory for riders under the age of 19.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must have a deck no larger than 60 inches long and 18 inches wide. The motor's power cannot exceed 2,500 watts, and the maximum speed is set at 25 mph. Scooters must be equipped with brakes, a white front lamp, and a rear red reflector.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are not considered "motor vehicles" under Michigan law, thus exempting them from insurance and registration requirements.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters are permitted on roadways, bicycle paths, and sidewalks. They are not allowed on highways or streets where the speed limit exceeds 45 mph, except when crossing such roadways.

Electric Scooter Laws in Minnesota

Electric scooters are defined as "motorized foot scooters," which can be either stand-up or sit-down models. They are generally treated like bicycles under traffic law, with a few distinctions.

Age and licensing requirements: The minimum age to operate an electric scooter is 12. No license or registration is required.

Helmet laws: Riders under 18 are required to wear protective headgear

Limits and requirements: Scooters are designed to carry only one person and must have wheels less than 12 inches in diameter and a maximum speed limit of 15 mph. A headlight and reflector are necessary for riding at night.

Insurance and registration: Since electric scooters are not classified as motor vehicles, insurance and registration are not required.

Permitted riding areas: Similar to bicycles, electric scooters are allowed on roadways, bicycle paths, and trails. However, riding on sidewalks is generally prohibited, except for accessing adjacent properties or when local regulations permit.

Electric Scooter Laws in Mississippi

Mississippi currently lacks statewide legislation for electric scooters. A legislative attempt to address this, through Bill HB1410, was made in 2020; however, the bill did not pass.

Given this legislative gap at the state level, the Mississippi Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) categorizes electric scooters under the broad classification of "Toy Vehicles." According to these guidelines, toy vehicles cannot be titled or registered, which effectively restricts the operation of electric scooters on public roadways.

However, this doesn't mean electric scooters are entirely banned in Mississippi. Individual cities and municipalities retain the authority to set their own rules regarding electric scooter operation.

Electric Scooter Laws in Missouri

Electric scooters in Missouri are classified and regulated as "motorized bicycles."

Age and licensing requirements: To operate an electric scooter on a roadway, you must be at least 16 years old and possess a valid driver's license. A driver's permit doesn't cut it.

Helmet laws: While state law doesn't mandate the use of helmets for electric scooter riders, it is strongly recommended, with most local jurisdictions making it compulsory.

Limits and requirements: The motor should be rated at less than 2237.1 watts (or produce less than 3 horsepower) and should not enable the scooter to exceed 30 mph. If it exceeds these specifications, it might be classified as a motorcycle. Scooters must also have adequate lighting and reflectors for night use, a braking system, and an audible signaling device.

Insurance and registration: State law does not mandate the registration of electric scooters; however, insurance requirements may vary by local jurisdiction. For instance, Springfield requires scooter operators to have insurance.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can be operated on public streets and highways but are not allowed on sidewalks or any part of the interstate highway system.

Electric Scooter Laws in Montana

In Montana, electric scooters are encompassed under the broad category of "motorized non-standard vehicles," which also includes motorized skateboards, among others. According to the state's classification, a motorized non-standard vehicle, in the context applicable to scooters, is characterized as being electric-powered, having a wheelbase less than 40 inches, a wheel diameter under 10 inches, and lacking a VIN or manufacturer's certification.

The Montana DMV does not permit registration of these vehicles, effectively prohibiting their use on public roadways unless a specific city ordinance authorizes their operation.

As a result of this statewide stance, the regulation and management of electric scooters fall primarily to individual cities within Montana.

Electric Scooter Laws in Nebraska

Electric scooter regulation in Nebraska remains largely undefined at the state level, with the Department of Motor Vehicles only clarifying that scooters are exempt from registration. This leaves most of the decision-making power to individual cities.

Cities such as Omaha and Lincoln have proactively responded by implementing pilot e-scooter programs. Commonly, these ordinances require that riders must be at least 18 years old and allow their use on roads and bicycle paths. Sidewalk use is usually prohibited, and they are not permitted on streets with speed limits exceeding 35 mph.

Electric Scooter Laws in Nevada

Electric scooters are regulated under Nevada Revised Statute 484B.760, which subjects them to the same legal provisions applicable to bicycles and electric bicycles.

Age and licensing requirements: Riders must be at least 16 years old to operate a shared e-scooter. No driver's license is required for operation.

Helmet laws: No statewide helmet laws are in place.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must not exceed a weight of 100 lbs and must have a maximum speed of 20 mph, though the speed limit on most roadways is capped at 15 mph. Scooters must also be equipped with reliable brakes and appropriate lighting and reflectors for night use.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are exempt from DMV registration and insurance requirements.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can be used on roadways, bicycle paths, shared-use paths, sidewalks, and other pedestrian areas. However, when operating in these areas, they are limited to a speed of no more than 15 mph or the specific speed limit set by local ordinances, whichever is applicable.

Electric Scooter Laws in New Hampshire

New Hampshire lacks statewide laws addressing electric scooters, as they are not classified as motorized vehicles under state motor vehicle laws. This means that the regulation of electric scooters falls under the jurisdiction of individual cities and counties.

For example, the city of Manchester has enacted rules that prohibit riders under the age of 16 from riding electric scooters. There is no requirement for a driver's license to operate these vehicles, but there is a mandate for riders to register their scooters with the Police Department for a $5 license fee. They are generally allowed on public streets, alleys, sidewalks, and highways. Additionally, the scooter must be equipped with appropriate lighting and reflectors for safe night riding, as well as a functional brake system.

Electric Scooter Laws in New Jersey

In May 2019, New Jersey recognized electric scooters as legal vehicles, defining them as "low speed electric scooters" in the state's legislation (N.J. Stat. § 39:4-14.16).

Age and licensing requirements: No specific age limits (state level), and no driver's license is required.

Helmet laws: Riders under the age of 17 are required to wear a bicycle helmet that is approved by ANSI or Snell.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters are limited to a maximum speed of 19 mph. They must also be equipped with a bell, all-around reflectors, and retroreflective tire sidewalls for visibility and safety.

Insurance and registration: Not a requirement.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters are allowed on streets, highways, roadways, and bicycle paths, except in areas where bicycle traffic is explicitly prohibited by regulation. The legality of riding on sidewalks is determined by individual municipalities.

Electric Scooter Laws in New Mexico

In New Mexico, the state has yet to enact specific statewide laws for electric scooters, leaving the responsibility to cities and local municipalities to regulate these devices. In an attempt to provide a regulatory framework at the state level, H.B. 282 was introduced to the New Mexico Legislature in January 2019. This bill aimed to define and regulate “electric foot scooters” but has not progressed into law as of early 2024.

Bill 282 proposed the following specifications for electric scooters:

• Weight and power: Electric scooters should weigh less than 100 lbs and be solely powered by an electric motor.
• Maximum speed: The maximum speed of electric scooters is capped at 20 mph.
• Equipment requirements: Scooters must be equipped with appropriate lighting, a bell, and brakes for safety and compliance.

Furthermore, the bill outlined that electric scooters would not require registration and could be operated on highways, bicycle lanes, and paths, granting e-scooter riders the same rights and duties as cyclists.

Electric Scooter Laws in New York

Electric scooters were legalized in New York in August 2020 and are subject to specific regulations outlined in the state's Vehicle and Traffic Law. This legislation addressed the previously unregulated use of personally owned scooters and the prohibition against shared scooter companies.

Age and licensing requirements: The minimum age to operate an electric scooter is set at 16. There's no requirement for a driver's license for e-scooter operation.

Helmet laws: Riders under the age of 18 are required to wear a helmet (that means riders aged 16 and 17). Delivery workers are also required to do so.

Limits and requirements: Scooters must have a reliable braking system, weigh less than 100 lbs, and have a maximum speed capability of 20 mph (though operation above 15 mph is illegal). For nighttime use, a white front lamp and rear red light visible from a distance are required. Scooters must also be equipped with a bell or another device capable of producing an audible signal, but sirens and whistles are not allowed.

All scooters also need to have a manufacturer's label clearly indicating the maximum speed, the designed occupancy, and the motor wattage.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are not classified as motor vehicles and, thus, are exempt from registration and insurance requirements.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can be operated on highways with posted speed limits of 30 mph or less, non-interstate public highways, and designated bicycle paths. The operation of electric scooters on sidewalks is generally prohibited unless local law or ordinances provide otherwise.

Electric Scooter Laws in North Dakota

In the absence of statewide legislation specifically for electric scooters in North Dakota, the task of regulating these devices has predominantly fallen to individual cities. Cities such as Bismarck, Minot, Grand Forks, and Williston have developed their electric scooter laws, distinguishing electric scooters from mopeds and other recreational motor vehicles.

Key Regulations across cities:

Age requirements: The cities have set varying minimum age requirements for electric scooter riders, ranging from 12 to 14 years, with rental scooters often requiring the rider to be at least 18 years old.

Helmet use: Most cities require riders under the age of 18 to wear a helmet.

Speed limits: Electric scooters in these cities are generally restricted to a maximum speed of 15 mph.

Permitted areas of use: Electric scooters are generally allowed on roads, bicycle paths, and, in some cases, sidewalks. Moreover, there's a common restriction against operating electric scooters on streets with speed limits typically set around 25 mph or higher.

Equipment requirements: Cities require electric scooters to be equipped with essential safety features, including brakes, a headlight, and a taillight.

Insurance and registration: Importantly, unlike mopeds, electric scooters are not required to be registered as motor vehicles under North Dakota law in the mentioned cities.

Electric Scooter Laws in North Carolina

North Carolina doesn't currently have laws that specifically pertain to electric scooters. There was a proposal to introduce legislation that addresses electric scooters independently, but it has not yet passed, creating a sizable legal gray area for their operation statewide.

The closest legal comparison currently is classifying them as mopeds, but this creates a mismatch. While some moped regulations, like a minimum age of 16 and the mandate to wear a motorcycle-grade helmet, are easily applied to e-scooters, others (like specific equipment requirements, insurance, and DMV registration) aren't realistic.

Due to this uncertainty, the bulk of electric scooter regulation falls to individual cities and towns. Cities including Raleigh, Greensboro, Durham, Cary, Winston-Salem, and Charlotte have implemented local laws pertaining to e-scooters, particularly focusing on shared mobility programs.

Electric Scooter Laws in Ohio

Ohio legalized electric scooters in 2021, classifying them as "low-speed micro mobility devices."

Age and licensing requirements: Individuals must be at least 16 years old to rent an electric scooter. No driver's license is needed.

Helmet laws: There is no statewide requirement for helmet use.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters are restricted to a weight of less than 100 lbs and a maximum speed of 20 mph. For nighttime operation, scooters must be equipped with a front white light and a rear light or reflector.

Insurance and registration: They do not require registration or insurance

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters are allowed on public streets, highways, sidewalks, shared-use paths, and any roadways designated exclusively for bicycles.

Electric Scooter Laws in Oklahoma

In Oklahoma, electric scooters fall under the broader category of "Motorized scooters," which also includes mopeds with a capacity of less than 50cc.

Age and licensing requirements: The minimum age for operating an electric scooter is 14, although local ordinances may mandate an older minimum age. No driver's license is necessary.

Helmet laws: While there is no statewide helmet law, many cities in Oklahoma require riders under 18 to wear a helmet.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters should have no more than three wheels, with a maximum design speed not exceeding 35 mph (legal operational speed limit is 25 mph).

Insurance and registration: Registration and compliance with vehicle insurance or financial responsibility laws are not required for electric scooters at the state level.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can be used on public roads, streets, sidewalks, and other public areas. Riders cannot exceed posted speed limits or go faster than 25 mph, nor can they ride on roads with posted speed limits above 25mph.

Electric Scooter Laws in Oregon

Electric scooters are classified and regulated as "Motor Assisted Scooters" under ORS 801.348, with regulations similar to those for mopeds.

Age and licensing requirements: Riders must be at least 16 years old. No driver's license is required.

Helmet laws: All riders are required to wear an approved helmet when operating on a highway or public premises.

Limits and requirements: The motor rating cannot exceed 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt), and the maximum speed should not be more than 24 mph, with the operational speed limited to 15 mph. Additionally, the scooter must be equipped with appropriate lighting and reflectors to ensure visibility.

Insurance and registration: They do not require insurance or registration.

Permitted riding areas:

Electric scooters are allowed on:

• Roadways
• Bicycle lanes and paths

Generally prohibited from:

• Sidewalks and crosswalks (except when entering/exiting adjacent property)
• Highways with speed limits greater than 25 mph

Electric Scooter Laws in Pennsylvania

The state of legislation regarding electric scooters in Pennsylvania is still in development, with significant discrepancies between proposed laws and the practical stance of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT).

Senate Bill 892, which aims to regulate "Electric Low Speed Scooters," represents a legislative effort to establish guidelines for these vehicles. This proposed bill categorizes electric scooters as weighing less than 100 lbs with a maximum speed of 15 mph and sets the minimum age for riders at 18, subjecting them to the same duties and responsibilities of cyclists. It also requires electric scooters to be equipped with appropriate lights.

Additionally, it would grant municipalities the authority to specify where electric scooters can be used, typically allowing their operation on highways (with speed limits under 35 mph), bicycle lanes, and paths, but prohibiting them from freeways and streets with posted speed limits over 35 mph, as well as sidewalks.

However, this bill has not yet been enacted, and as it stands, PennDOT's regulations do not accommodate electric scooters on public roadways. According to PennDOT, for any scooter to be legally used on roadways, it must meet the state's stringent equipment and inspection requirements, be titled, registered, and insured. Given that electric scooters cannot be titled or registered in Pennsylvania, their use is effectively restricted to private property, barring them from legal operation on public roadways. This restriction is further compounded by the Pennsylvania Vehicle Code, which prohibits driving at speeds that impede the normal flow of traffic, potentially disqualifying electric scooters that cannot keep pace with other vehicles.

Despite the lack of statewide regulation, some cities in Pennsylvania have taken steps to address the use of electric scooters within their jurisdictions. Pittsburgh, for example, has embarked on a two-year pilot project, becoming the first city in the state to legalize low-speed electric scooters, setting a precedent within the state. Conversely, Philadelphia maintains a total ban on scooters, highlighting the divergent approaches to scooter regulation across different cities. Other municipalities have yet to specifically address electric scooters in their ordinances.

Electric Scooter Laws in Rhode Island

The state largely leaves the regulation of electric scooters to its cities, with only minimal statewide legislation in place. The only mention of scooters in state law is a helmet requirement for riders 15 years of age or younger when operating on public roads, bike paths, or shared-use trails.

Beyond this requirement, the details of electric scooter use and regulation are determined at the city level, where various municipalities have taken steps to integrate scooters, primarily through scooter-sharing pilot programs.

• Providence, for example, launched a Shared Micromobility Program in 2018 that includes both e-scooters and bikes. This program require riders to be at least 18 years old and strongly encourage, though not mandate, helmet use. E-scooters in Providence may be operated on sidewalks or in bike lanes and roadways.
• The city of Newport is enacting a bill to regulate the use and operation of e-bikes and e-scooters.
• Pawtucket has also introduced an electric scooter program, specifying that riders should be 18. Electric scooters can be used on roadways, bike lanes, or bike paths/multi-use trails, but their operation on sidewalks is not allowed.

Electric Scooter Laws in South Carolina

In South Carolina, the lack of statewide legislation on electric scooters has led individual cities to establish their regulations concerning the use of these devices.

Many of these city regulations seem to focus on the use of shared rental scooters, often imposing bans on renting or operating these shared mobility devices on public property. Privately owned electric scooters face fewer restrictions or are even unregulated in some localities.

Charleston: Electric scooters can be used on roadways with a speed limit less than 25 mph unless specified otherwise. The operation of scooters on sidewalks is prohibited, and their speed cannot exceed 15 mph. Notably, Charleston explicitly prohibits the renting of electric scooters for use in public spaces.

Myrtle Beach: Bans the use of any shared mobility device or scooter on public property. Additionally, renting shared mobility devices or scooters is prohibited.

City of Greenville: Electric scooters are banned entirely within the central business district.

Columbia: Restricts the operation of electric scooters on any street with a speed limit of 25 mph or greater and on sidewalks. Additionally, it mandates that riders wear protective helmets.

Hilton Head Island: Bans the use of electric scooters on its public pathways.

Electric Scooter Laws in South Dakota

Electric scooters are permitted on public roads and are classified under the term "motorized foot scooters." The House Bill 1084 introduces this classification and provides basic requirements, leaving room for local ordinances to specify further regulations.

Age and licensing requirements: South Dakota's legislation does not specify minimum age or licensing requirements.

Helmet laws: No statewide helmet requirement exists

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters should have no more than two wheels, each with a diameter of 12 inches or smaller, and a motor that can achieve a maximum speed of 15 mph.

Insurance and registration: They are exempt from these.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can be used on roadways, bicycle paths, multi-use paths, and sidewalks. However, the state grants local jurisdictions the authority to impose additional restrictions on where electric scooters can be operated.

Electric Scooter Laws in Tennessee

Tennessee took a proactive step in July 2019 by passing legislation that officially recognizes and regulates electric scooters. For the most part, the state treats them similarly to electric bicycles.

Age and licensing requirements: While the legislation does not specify a minimum age for electric scooter operation, it is implied that riders must be at least 16 years old to ride without any restrictions.

Helmet laws: Helmets are mandated for riders under the age of 16.

Limits and requirements: To qualify under the legislation, electric scooters must weigh less than 100 lbs and have a maximum speed of 20 mph, with an operational limit of 15 mph on public roadways. Additionally, scooters must be equipped with front and rear lighting for visibility and a functional brake system for safety.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are exempt from the insurance and registration requirements that apply to motor vehicles.

Permitted riding areas: They can be ridden anywhere bicycles are allowed, including roads, designated bike lanes, shoulders, and paths intended for bicycle use. However, their operation on sidewalks is generally prohibited unless local ordinances specifically allow for such use.

Electric Scooter Laws in Texas

Texas lacks specific electric scooter laws. Instead, they are regulated under the umbrella of "motor-assisted scooters," which also encompasses mopeds, as per the Texas Transportation Code § 551.351 and guidelines by the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Many of the details regarding operation, age requirements, and helmet use are determined by local jurisdictions.

Age and licensing requirements: While there is no statewide age recommendation, most local ordinances typically set the minimum age for operating an electric scooter at 16 to 17 years.

Helmet laws: Texas does not enforce a statewide helmet requirement for electric scooter riders. However, helmet use is advocated within various municipalities, with cities like McKinney mandating helmets for riders under 17.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters in Texas must feature a gas or electric motor not exceeding 40 cubic centimeters (approximately a 1,000W motor), a deck designed for standing or sitting, and a functional braking system.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are exempt from the requirements of registration, licensing, and insurance.

Permitted riding areas: Scooters are permitted on streets and highways with the posted speed limit of 35 mph or lower. They are also permitted on paths exclusive to bicycles and on sidewalks, although local county or municipal authorities may impose restrictions for safety reasons.

Electric Scooter Laws in Utah

In May 2019, Utah passed legislation to legalize and regulate electric scooters, designating them as "motor-assisted scooters." This legislation also grants local authorities the power to regulate scooter-share programs. Generally, e-scooters are subject to the same rules that apply to bicycles.

Age and licensing requirements: To ride an electric scooter independently, you must be at least 16 years old, with no requirement for a driver's license. Those under 15 (8-15 years) may only use a scooter under the direct supervision of a guardian (18+). Children under 8 are prohibited from operating electric scooters with the motor running in public spaces.

Helmet laws: Riders under the age of 21 are required to wear protective headgear when riding a scooter on highways.

Limits and requirements: Scooters must have an electric motor not exceeding 2,000 watts and a top speed of 20 mph. Despite this capability, riders are restricted to a speed of 15 mph. A reliable braking system is also required for safety.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters are exempt from the requirements for motor vehicle licensing and registration.

Permitted riding areas: Motor-assisted scooters can be used on roads with speed limits of 25 mph or lower, bicycle lanes, designated paths, and on sidewalks if local ordinances allow.

They are not allowed in public parking structures, areas where skateboards are prohibited, on highways with four or more lanes, and roadways with speed limits exceeding 25 mph.

Electric Scooter Laws in Vermont

Vermont lacks statewide laws specifically addressing electric scooters. Consequently, individual cities and towns are responsible for setting their regulations, leading to potential variations across the state.

The city of Burlington provides an example, having implemented an Electric Bike & Scooter Share program with some regulations in place. These shared scooters are generally limited to a speed of 15 mph and allowed on roadways but prohibited from sidewalks.

Generally, it seems that most other Vermont cities have yet to establish comprehensive or clearly defined electric scooter regulations.

Electric Scooter Laws in Virginia

Virginia has specific legislation governing electric scooters (§ 46.2-908) and groups them with motorized skateboards. This legislation also allows local counties and cities to further regulate or ban micromobility vehicles through local ordinances.

Age and licensing requirements: The minimum age for operating an electric scooter is 14 years. Riders under 14 can only do so under the direct supervision of someone 18 or older. No driver's license is required for operation.

Helmet laws: State law does not mandate helmet usage for electric scooter riders.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters should not have a manufacturer-issued vehicle identification number, should weigh less than 100 lbs, have a maximum speed of 20 mph, and be equipped with sufficient lighting and reflectors for visibility and safety.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters need not be registered or insured under Virginia law.

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters can be used on highways and bicycle lanes unless a local ordinance prohibits them. They can also be used on sidewalks and shared-use paths as long as they yield the right-of-way to pedestrians.

They are, however, not permitted on any part of the interstate highway, except if there’s a bicycle or pedestrian path that are separated from the roadway by a barrier.

Electric Scooter Laws in Washington

Electric scooters are recognized as street-legal under the designation "motorized foot scooters," as defined in Rev. Code § 46.20.500. This legal status places electric scooters in a similar regulatory framework as bicycles, with specific guidelines regarding their use, operation, and areas where they are permitted.

Age and licensing requirements: The minimum age to operate an electric scooter in Washington is 16 years. No driver's license is required to operate a scooter.

Helmet laws: While not mandated by state legislation, wearing a bicycle safety helmet is strongly encouraged for safety by the law.

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must have a maximum speed of no more than 20 mph, with an operational speed limit capped at 15 mph. They must also be equipped with reflectors for safety.

Insurance and registration: Washington does not require registration or insurance for electric scooters.

Permitted riding areas: Scooters can be operated on roads, shared-use paths, bicycle lanes, or areas designated for bicycle use (unless "motorized vehicles" are prohibited).

Their use on sidewalks and fully controlled limited access highways is not allowed.

Electric Scooter Laws in West Virginia

There is currently no state legislation specifically governing electric scooters. The closest related regulation is on “bicycles and play vehicles." While play vehicles could potentially encompass electric scooters, this categorization is not explicitly defined, so assumptions cannot be made. However, West Virginia did pass a bill in 2020 to regulate e-bikes, which suggests that similar regulations for scooters might be considered in the near future.

Various cities, however, have taken the initiative to establish their own rules for electric scooter usage. For instance, Charleston has set a rider age limit of 16 years and established a maximum scooter speed of 25 mph. Scooters are permitted on streets and alleys, except in prohibited areas, which include on roadways where the speed limit exceeds 30 mph or on sidewalks that are closed to bicycle traffic.

Similarly, the City of Wheeling has introduced its own set of guidelines, stipulating that riders must be 18 or older and adhere to a maximum speed limit of 25 mph. While helmets are recommended for safety, they are not mandated. Wheeling's regulations also specify that electric scooters should carry only one rider at a time and are allowed on the roadway, bike lanes, or trails, but not on sidewalks and interstate highways.

Electric Scooter Laws in Wisconsin

Wisconsin has set forth clear statewide regulations for electric scooters, detailing their use on roads, sidewalks, and bicycle paths.

Age and licensing requirements: There are no specific age restrictions or licensing requirements for riding an electric scooter in Wisconsin.

Helmet laws: No statewide helmet laws for electric scooter riders

Limits and requirements: Electric scooters must weigh less than 100 lbs and have a maximum speed of no more than 20 mph with a 15 mph operational limit on bike paths. They must also have proper lighting, reflectors, and an effective braking system. The use of sirens or compression whistles is strictly prohibited.

Insurance and registration: Electric scooters cannot be titled or registered with the Wisconsin Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV).

Permitted riding areas: Electric scooters are allowed on most roadways, streets, and bicycle paths (15 mph speed limit). Furthermore, they may be operated on sidewalks unless specifically prohibited by local ordinances.

Electric Scooter Laws in Wyoming

In Wyoming, the regulatory framework for electric scooters remains underdeveloped at the state level, with no specific laws directly addressing their use. The closest existing definition encompasses "motorized skateboards," but even this legislation is limited. Nonetheless, it can be inferred that electric scooters likely don't require registration or titling in Wyoming.

Therefore, the responsibility for regulating electric scooters largely falls to individual cities within the state, which have been granted the authority to enact their own rules governing the operation of these devices.

Cities like Cheyenne, Casper, and Laramie, among others, have embraced e-scooters through shared mobility programs. These programs often include rules such as:

• Electric scooters are permitted on roads and in bike lanes, but their use on sidewalks is prohibited.
• A maximum speed limit of 15 mph is imposed on electric scooters.
• Riders must be at least 18 years old to access and operate the scooters.
• While helmet use is strongly encouraged for all rides, it's not mandatory in all cities.

In addition to regulations for shared scooter programs, cities like Cheyenne and Casper have also enacted local ordinances governing the use of privately owned electric scooters, as have Jackson and Cody.

However, not all municipalities have clear regulations for private scooters; for instance, the Laramie Municipal Code does not directly address them.

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